Frederick Douglass- An American Slave - 547 Words

Society today reflects and is shaped by literature in many ways. By reading different works, readers can be influenced by different ideas. When a person is exposed to a variety of different ideas and concepts, they often times change the way that they think or go about daily life. For example, books like The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass gave people insight to what it was like to live a life of oppression, thus making people feel sympathetic for him. Society also reflects literature in that we see a lot of patterns repeated from books to everyday life. We see the reflection of The Scarlet Letter in society today by the way people still view adultery. In The Scarlet Letter, the women were seen as the more impure and dirty half of the two people engaging in adultery. In todays society, women continue to be treated more negatively than men regarding adulterous affairs. We see in The Scarlet Letter that although both Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale committed the same sin of adultery, Hesters public punishment was more important than finding the other adulterer. Thus the young and pure would be taught to look at her, with the scarlet letter flaming on her breast,—at her, the child of honorable parents,—at her, the mother of a babe, that would hereafter be a woman, —at her, who had once been innocent, —as the figure, the body, the reality of sin. Hester Prynne, like many women of todays society, was treated more brutally than the male partner in herShow MoreRelatedFrederick Douglass, An American Slave1114 Words   |  5 Pages Frederick Douglass is well known for many of his literary achievements. He is best known, now, as a writer. As a writer, Frederick Douglass shined. As a speaker, he was the best. There was no abolitionist, black or white, that was more for his speaking skills. (McFeely, 206) So impressive were Frederick Douglass’s oratorical and intellectual abilities that opponents refused to believe that he had been a slave and alleged that he was a impostor brought up on the public byRead MoreFrederick Douglass, An American Slave959 Words   |  4 Pagesis Frederick Douglass he is significant because he was once a slave who learned how to read and write and eventually stood up for what he believed in. Frederick Douglass ended up with his own views and he had a lot of different influences throughout his life to make these opinions and views. There are two sides to slavery and they have completely different views on governments and how to handle that situation. Frederick Douglass wrote a narrative Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave in thisRead MoreFrederick Douglass, An American Slave1284 Words   |  6 PagesFrederick Douglass is known as not only one of the greatest black writers in history, but as one of the greatest American writers in history. The â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave† fully captures the brutality of slavery practiced in the American South, experienced by Douglass himself. Douglass provides unique insight into the practice of slavery not only through firsthand accounts of the cruelty of his slavery but also by breaking down piece-by-piece slavery asRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1078 Words   |  5 PagesLife of Slaves Up until the late 1800s, people were legally able to own slaves. Slaves are people that are the property of another and are forced to follow their owner s commands. Slaves were treated like dogs, had no freedom and were abused. Frederick Douglass played a huge role in the human rights in the 19th century trying to end slavery. Also, he wrote a narrative called, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave, which goes into detail of his day to day life as a slave andRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1170 Words   |  5 Pagesabolitionist speakers, Frederick Douglass. Born into slavery, this great American leader led a life many of us would find impossible to bear. After gaining his freedom from slavery, Douglass shared his stories through impressive speeches and vivid autobiographies, which helped America move forward as a country liberated from racial inequality. Although Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave allows readers to understand what life was like for slaves in antebellum America, theRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1917 Words   |  8 PagesThe United States, 1492 - 1865 06 April 2015 Humanization of Slaves (?) For a large portion of the United States history, slavery was legal and prominent in Southern society. Slaves working on plantations were the main proponent of Southern American economy. Slaves working in the United States during this time, especially those working on plantations in the South, suffered through horrible living and work conditions and punishment. Slaves were forced under duress to work for long hours, and were whippedRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass An American Slave983 Words   |  4 Pages The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave, is an incredible story of one man’s struggle to become free from the bonds of slavery. While experiencing his hardships and celebrate his triumphs along the way, the story saddens you with the cruelty of humans but leaves you joyous at the outcome. Written as proof that a well-educated black man was indeed a slave and that even with a life riddled with trials and tribulations you can rise above and su cceeded in obtaining your dreamRead MoreFrederick Douglass: Struggles of the American Slaves1840 Words   |  8 PagesFrederick Douglass: Struggles of the American Slaves Frederick Douglass, who was born into slavery around 1818, will forever remain one of the most important figures in Americas struggle for civil rights and racial equality. As an ex-slave, his inspiration grew beyond his boarders to reach the whole world. Without any formal education, Douglass escaped slavery and became a respected American diplomat, a counselor to four presidents, a highly regarded speaker, and an influential writer. By commonRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave1251 Words   |  6 PagesJustine Boonstra Frey- Period 1 MAJOR WORKS REVIEW AP Lang Version GENERAL 1. Douglass, Frederick. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. 1845. New York: Fine, 2003. Print. 2. Autobiography STRUCTURE 1. Point of View: First Person, the narrator Frederick Douglass 2. Relationship of POV to meaning: 3. Plot Structure a. Exposition: Douglass describes that his mother was a black slave, and his father was a white man. Thus, he was born into slavery and was sent off toRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave977 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1845 Frederick Douglass published his first book Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave. This book not only showed people what life was truly like in the eyes of a slave, but it became instrumental in propelling the abolitionist movement and helping it gain motion all across the country. Douglass was truly a revolutionary person because throughout the duration of slavery, African American people were not permitted to be educated. This was considered dangerous. It wasn’t

Accounting Standards Essay - 1364 Words

The Federal Government, State and Local Governments (SLG), and Not-for-profit organizations (NFP) all have unique objectives and assets under their control. As a result it may not be feasible to develop a single set of accounting standards that accurately represents all of their financial activity in a manner that is useful to concerned parties. To resolve these discrepancies three separate standard setting bodies have been tasked with developing Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) for these different organizations: The Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) for federal accounting, the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB) for SLG, and the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) for NFPs. The different†¦show more content†¦FASB applied to businesses has always served to provide a useful metric for the business to achieve its intended objective, maximization of profits. Performance and Accountability Reports, when properly applied, can pr ovide this same service to federal organizations. At the same time, the federal governments actual implementation of performance standards and report consolidation standards may be one of its weaknesses. A potential difficulty with consolidation of the financial reports and performance metrics of several unique and distinct federal agencies may be an oversimplification of the big picture. This oversimplification can lead to a competition that shifts emphasis from big picture concerns to more trivial matters. This phenomenon can be viewed in the implementation of the Executive Branch Management Scorecard which compares specific areas of different federal organizations and assigns colors to them based on their ability to meet given performance standards. This has resulted in organizations applying their efforts to reach the lowest hanging fruit instead of focusing on their most pressing issues. It is crucial that the federal government maintain their focus on addressing major issues for FASAB to provide its intended purpose. State and Local Government Accounting In my opinion, the most significant strength of the Comprehensive AnnualShow MoreRelatedAccounting Standard Of Australian Accounting Standards1140 Words   |  5 Pagesin there financial statements of their company. Australia Accounting Standard Board publish some new accounting standard related to the RDR implementing to review the differential reporting framework. These standards made on 30 June 2010 and implement on or after 1 July 2013. These new standards are:- †¢ AASB 1053 Application of Tiers of Australian Accounting Standards (PDF); and †¢ AASB 2010-2 Amendment to Australian Accounting Standards arising from Reduced Disclosure Requirements. DifferentialRead MoreThe Standards Of Accounting Standards830 Words   |  4 PagesAccounting standard set has become debatable topics in regards its function in real business. The standards of accounting have been developed throughout years and many countries has applied different accounting standard. However, as business world has become interconnected, there is an urged in need to have one stand-alone of accounting standards that could use worldwide. Therefore, many countries developed convergence of their accounting standard into International Financial reporting standard (IFRS)Read MoreUs Accounting Standards vs. International Accounting Standards1742 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States Accounting Standards vs International Accounting Standards June 21, 2009 Introduction This research project will inform the reader of the difference between the United States accounting standards and International accounting standards. The United States uses the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) to issue financial reporting procedures. The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB).Read MoreAccounting Analysis On Accounting Standards1911 Words   |  8 Pagesfocussed on the topic related to Accounting theory concept in general. There are two articles to elucidate, first article is on Accounting Standards conceptual framework, which is further discussed in detail about the qualitative characteristics of Conceptual framework. Second article is about Positive Accounting Theory, where we discuss about Accounting theories. A) Article One: 1) Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) AASB - Australian Accounting Standards Board Body charged with developingRead MoreEthics Standards And The Field Of Accounting950 Words   |  4 Pagesnecessity in the field of accounting. Businesses rely on accountants to accurately report their financial information and give sound advise and consultation in regards to their business. There are standards and rules set in place to ensure that ethics and information is reported accurately. Laws and repercussions are created place to deter unethical and illegal accounting practices, although it still occurs in the business world on many levels. The field of accounting has a code of ethics forRead MoreAccounting Standard : Accounting Standards Essay1118 Words   |  5 PagesAccounting Standard (AS) 2 Inventories constitute a major portion of current assets of an entity. A primary issue in accounting for inventories is the amount of cost to be recognized as an asset and carried forward until the related revenues are recognized. Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 2, Inventories, prescribes the accounting treatment for inventories, such as, determination of cost and its subsequent recognition as expense, including any write-downs of inventories to net realizable valueRead MoreThe Financial Accounting Standards Board1346 Words   |  6 PagesEarnings per share is introduced by the Financial Accounting Standards Board as the functionality used to calculate an institutions’ earnings for the year-end financial statements. The institutions can be made of up a simple or complex capital structure. It must be calculated on a constant basis in order for reports to remain consistent. FASB provides a formula of â€Å"dividing income available to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period† (FASBRead MoreInternational Accounting Standards : Standards1365 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Accounting Standards What are International Accounting Standards? The International Accounting Standards or IASC are accounting standards issued by the International Accounting Standards Board or IASB and its predecessor, the International Accounting Standards Committee or IASC. The International Accounting standards were started in 1966 after a proposal that was presented to create an International Study group that included the Institute of Chartered Accountants of England and WalesRead MoreAccounting Standard And International Accounting Standards Essay1500 Words   |  6 PagesAccounting standard has been introduced after the World War II where every country has its own proper accounting practices such as the United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (the US GAAP). As time flies, international trade and foreign direct investment has experience a period of rapid growth where the companies begin to expand their business in a larger scale. Frequent international mergers and acquisitions especially by American corporations to the European companies has createdRead MoreInternational Accounting Standards1317 Words   |  6 PagesInternational Accounting Standards What is the International Accounting Standards Board? This paper will give a brief overview on the history of the International Accounting Standards, starting with the role of the IASC Foundation, the structure of the IASB and the number of accounting standards currently published. Next, it will explain the steps in creating an international accounting standard in accordance with due process and it will show the mailing address and phone number. Lastly, there will

How Can You Better Manage Your Time at Work Free Essays

In any type of job, there will be instances when there seems to be no time for you to accomplish or finish everything task before the day ends. This usually happens when the all tasks are piled up and you have to finish all of them in a single day. Due to the lack of time, you end up either only finishing a certain amount of tasks or none at all. We will write a custom essay sample on How Can You Better Manage Your Time at Work? or any similar topic only for you Order Now However, these things won’t happen if you manage your time well at work. Personally, at the start of the day, the first thing I should do is list down all the things I need to do for the day and rank them according to the level of priority. Afterwards, I would first work on the tasks that have the highest level of priority and see to it that I finish it as quick and as flawlessly as possible. For example, when studying for major examinations, I should first study the subjects that I find difficult to understand before I study the subjects that are easier for me. In short, in order for me to better manage my time at work, the most important thing I should do first is to set my priorities so that I know which among the daily tasks I should finish first. Focusing on the task at hand is another key trait in managing one’s time effectively at work. When a task is assigned to me, I should make sure that my attention and all my efforts are concentrated on finishing that task. For example, when working on a project or a research paper, I should make sure that I only do things that are related to my project and temporarily avoid anything that could distract me from my task, such as the television and the computer, among others. Unnecessary small talk, delays, and other form of distractions can easily hinder me from accomplishing the task at hand. On the other hand, focusing on doing my work as efficiently as possible helps speed up the time it takes to finish that task. Moreover, setting goals is also vital in managing time at work. Once I start a task, I should always work hard on accomplishing the goals I’ve set. Setting goals basically gives purpose in what I am doing. In class, for example, my basic goal should be to finish my education and move up to the next level. In addition, another thing that could help manage my time better is to find motivation or inspiration that would drive me to finish the task at hand. This basically means focusing on the satisfaction or the rewards that I would receive if I effectively finish my task on time. For example, while studying in school, the source of motivation or inspiration should be getting good grades and receiving honors. However, among all the things that could help me better manage my time is to find all the reasons to do my work. In any type of work, there will always be times when I could offer excuses not to do my work. In order to better manage my time, instead looking for excuses not to being working, I should find all reasons for me to start doing my work. Over-all, for me, better time management at work basically means setting and organizing priorities, focusing on the task at hand and avoiding delay, and setting goals for me to accomplish. How to cite How Can You Better Manage Your Time at Work?, Essays

Paradoxes and contradictions presented in Macbeth Essay Example For Students

Paradoxes and contradictions presented in Macbeth Essay Paradoxs and contradictions ( foul and carnival, and so on ) presented in Macbeth In William Shakespeare s calamity, Macbeth, readers are introduced to a rough universe of war, slaying and perfidy. At the beginning of the drama three enchantresss tell Macbeth that in his life clip he will go Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, every bit good as the King of Scotland. At first Macbeth is slow to believe the anticipation of the enchantresss, but after the first two prognostications come to fruition Macbeth becomes power hungry. Throughout the play readers see both the rise and autumn of Macbeth. Macbeth s coming to power, through destructive and immoral agencies, creates a universe of misgiving in most, if non all, characters. Shakespeare exploits this universe of uncertainness and evil by adding many contradictions and paradoxes refering to swear and darkness. After the original slaying of Duncan in Macbeth s palace characters become really uneasy because there is evidently a treasonist among them. Trust becomes a large issue among those in the palace, and others concerned for the well being of Scotland. Shakespeare emphasizes the trust versus misgiving issue by utilizing specific literary devices. In the really first scene one of the enchantresss utters the celebrated paradox, Fair is disgusting and disgusting is just ( 1.1. ) This paradox means that visual aspects can be really deceiving and there is all right line between good/evil and trust/mistrust. Before the slaying of Duncan Macbeth has an Gillis 2 internal conflict with his scruples, he reflects on the fact that Duncan is here in dual trust. There are in fact two grounds for him to be protecting the King. He says, He s here in dual trust: / First, as I am his kinsman and his topic, / Strong both against the title ; so, as his host, / Who should against his liquidator shut the door, / Not bear the knife myself. ( 1.7. ) . Ultimately Macbeth s overleaping aspiration ( 1.7 ) overrides his scruples and he does slay Duncan in his ain palace. After the title is committed Macbeth terrors. He sees shades and believes that he will neer kip once more. Lady Macbeth reminds him that he must maintain remain unagitated and conceal his guilt to keep the trust of the other members of the King s party. False face must conceal what the false bosom doth know ( 1.7. ) . Hiding the truth is Macbeth and Lady Macbeth chief focal point, along with trying to slay anyone who stands in the manner of the continuance of their royal lineage. The inquiry of who to swear is besides seen when Macduff travels to England to seek the aid of Malcolm, Malcolm tests him by doing himself out to be a autocrat that has no involvement in kinglike responsibilities and MacDuff reacts with desperation, O my chest, / Thy hope ends here! ( 4.3. ) Malcolm so decides that MacDuff is so a loyal frequenter of Scotland and he may swear him. The edginess of the characters is amplified by Shakespeare s accent on trust. It is highly hard to state your friends from your enemies when a treasonist is among them. Shakespeare besides uses visible radiation and darkness to heighten the images of good and evil throughout the drama. Macbeth frequently makes mention to darkness as if he is disgracefully seeking to run off and conceal from his ideas and actions. Even before the slaying of Duncan he feels guilty. Macbeth says, Stars conceal your fires, / Let non light see my black .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d , .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d .postImageUrl , .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d , .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d:hover , .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d:visited , .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d:active { border:0!important; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d:active , .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uee4cbfeaab5d3350a5f37e17c81ba52d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Relevancy Of The Heartland - Hinterland Distin EssayGillis 3 and deepest desires ( 1.4. ) The darkness of the dark is so embraced my both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth as they attempt to conceal their evil workss from the public oculus. It seems as though the characters in Macbeth believe that the screen of darkness is needed when perpetrating Acts of the Apostless of force and corruptness. The enchantresss are besides associated with darkness. Banquo refers to them as instruments of darkness ( 1.3 ) and Macbeth calls them secret, black, and midnight beldams ( 4.1 ) These mentions give readers a sense that the enchantresss are arch and evil instead than merely the couriers of good intelligence and forecasters of great lucks. The darkness besides seems to film over the lines between world and the supernatural. All of the visual aspects of the enchantresss occur during the dark deep in the wood, where it is difficult to state world apart from a paranoid imaginativeness. The light and your eyes may play fast ones on you doing you to believe or believe something fictional. This is why Shakespeare merely had the enchantresss materialize under these fortunes, to heighten the consequence of the supernatural. Light is besides used as a metaphor for life. In Macbeth s concluding monologue he says, And all our yesterdays have lighted fools/ The manner to dusty decease. Out, out brief taper! ( 5.5. ) Shakspere compares life to the fire of a taper. The taper can be extinguished easy and in the expansive strategy of things it merely burns for a enormously little sum of clip. It does non count how long the taper has been firing it can be blown out at any point. This is an particularly interesting comparing because those murdered in Macbeth are of all ages, from King Duncan to Macduff s kids. Throughout this calamity Shakespeare uses many literary devices to do certain facets of his composing stand out to the reader. The paradoxes, contradictions and metaphors Gillis 4 used in Macbeth constructed a kind of onstage universe where it is impossible to swear anyone. At any point there could be person hidden in the darkness ready to take your life. Scotland has been enveloped in a shadow of darkness, and the consequence is upset, pandemonium and slaying.

A Feminist Perspective on Hester in the Scarlet Letter free essay sample

With the increasing level of people’s life and aesthetic taste, English films get more and more favor from Chinese consumers, so that many well-known film titles appeared in Chinese film market. Films are always displayed in sound and color art forms, which also play an important role in cultural exchange and cooperation areas. What’s more, making the ascent of the international stage is still a long-term goal of Chinese filmdom. As an indispensable part of a film, film title reflects a nations culture, having its unique information function and aesthetic function. Film title translation should follow some certain principles, catering to popular taste and being accepted by the public, that can realize the goal of cultural exchange. The film title translation does not belong to the traditional text translation, but the translation of advertisements, which filled with distinctive creativity and flexibility. Even though there always be just a few words, the same as brands, it is quite difficult to ensure a translated title to correspond with and mirror the theme of the film because of differences between eastern and western culture and the jagged receptivity and sense of art. We will write a custom essay sample on A Feminist Perspective on Hester in the Scarlet Letter or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page And film titles play an irreplaceable role in art appreciating and product advertising, guiding the audiences as well as promoting the film. And as we can see, with the deepening and expanding exchange of culture among countries, communication in film area is inevitable. More and more Chinese people are getting in touch with as well as being fond of English and American films. Meanwhile, as foreign movies flood in China, the quality of Chinese films is improving gradually, such as Riding Alone in Thousands of Miles) which premiered at the 18th Tokyo International Film Festival has achieved good results in Japanese market. [1] In order to hit a higher level in films exchange, choosing accordant movie titles are the most fundamental thing. Because whether the film title translation is good or not will affect the spread range of a movie. Meanwhile, a proper title of a movie can attract a lot of audiences directly. That is to say, in order to make a film resonate well in different areas , not only its origin title but also the translated one should be likable in general. So, a well-translated title of a film will attract more audiences which is helpful for the country, where the movie comes from, to set sights on world level and be introduced to all the other nations around the world . The research on film title translation in our country started from 1990s and rapidly developed in later years. Traditional techniques of film title translation include literal translation, adding or deleting elements of the original title and combinative use of literal and free translation. However, all these techniques are used on the basis of being faithful to the original ones, that is to say, faithfulness is the primary principle of traditional film title translation. Nevertheless, according to the statistics from the Southern Metropolis Daily at the end of 2001, the number of films whose titles were literally translated only accounted for 20% among all the Hollywood movies landed on Chinese film market that year, and the rest 60% were all in various degree of being modified and created. [2] As the way of combining literal and free translation become the most frequent one to be used, which doesn’t strictly dhere to traditional principles, numerous translators are questioning the present situation of film title translation. In the past two decades, though the level of translation on film and television has tremendously improved, as an important part of translation, it is far from the expectation. In addition, the research on Chinese film title translation is p retty rare with quite a few monographs. During the former decade, few translating theories on film and television, especially on film title translation, were published in key FLT academic journals. So far, it seems that no one has put forward a relatively complete set of principles to guide film title translation. In this paper I am going to study film title translation under a famous theory called Functional Equivalence which was put forward by Nida, a famous American translation theorist, pointing out that in order to reach the ideal translation, it is necessary to find the closet natural equivalence. As a way of culture exchange, film title translation should put more emphasize on the correspondence between the audiences’ response both from source language and target language. This paper starts from introducing basic informations about film title in Chapter 2, especially about functions of film titles. Proceeding to the next step, Chapter 3 analyses the present situation of American and Chinese film title translation, summarizing characteristics of these titles and then common laws of translation can easily to be seen. In Chapter 4 the paper elaborates and deeply evidences principles and techniques in the process of translating film titles, in which cultural differences, advertising effects and aesthetic standards also play an inconvenient role. Besides, a lot of film titles that have been translated are under analysis using all the theories discussed above, particularly by using a theory called functional equivalence, which emphasizes to make target audiences generally feel the same with source audiences, sticking to the original meaning and spirits of the film instead of clinging to the former language structure. The combination of theory and practice is necessary to find out the most appropriate translated film title which can meet the need of the original work as well as appeal to the audiences. Chapter 2 Profile of Film Titles When a new movie is going to be shown, the first thing we face is the title of the movie which somewhat transmits the theme of it. And we often decide whether to go to cinema watching a movie or not by our interesting in its title. So, how a title come from a film? 2. 1 Naming Approaches of Film Titles The outstanding prerequisite for correct title translation is comprehending film titles on the basis of original context. Specifically, most American and Chinese film titles are originated from their plots, settings, themes, heroes or heroines and clues. . 1. 1 According to Plot The way of naming a film according to its plot is the primary one of all approaches, which regard the content of the film as a chief source and a brief summarization, acting as a window of the film. In this category, there are several well-known films, such as Deep Impact, Kramer vs. Kramer, ,. 2. 1. 2 According to Setting Settings of movies are always of great significance to unfold the story, express the theme and as well as portray characters. For example, Titanic, Waterloo Bridge, , ,. 2. 1. 3 According to Theme Many films just make their themes as the names to operate from a strategically advantageous position with far-teaching conceptions. In this type we can see films like Brave Heart, You Can’t Take It With You, ,. 2. 1. 4 According to Hero/ Heroine In some other films, heroes or heroines are the main part that the director is willing to introduce to the public. So this kind of movies are usually named after the chief characters, even just take the name of the hero/ heroine as the title. Among these titles the most renowned one may be Forest Gump. Here are some other examples: Pretty Woman, The Third Man, Man in Black, Jane Eyre, The God Father, Tess, , ,. 2. 1. 5 According to Clue The last kind of naming approaches is according to the clue for the development of the plot, which always run through the whole story. For instance, Schindler’s List, Piano, True Lies, ,. 2. 2 Different Kinds of Titles for Different Categories of Films Even though there are several approaches to name a film, just as we talked above, it doesn’t mean that movie producers are supposed to pick a title through one of these ways at will. Because each movie has its own feature, in order to fully express its characteristics, its title should be proper to its content. That is to say, different categories of movies ought to be named by different ways. Generally speaking, films can be divided into three categories: documentary, popular science film and feature film, the most common one. 2. 2. 1 Titles of Documentaries and Popular Science Films It is well-known that the former two categories of films are aimed to deliver information and popularize scientific knowledges. And due to their purpose or speciality their titles should be simple and unadorned with the use of formal words and expressions. Here are some typical ones: Industrial Britain, Three Songs about Lenin, Olympia, Space, , ,. 2. 2. 2 Titles of Feature Films Words in titles of feature films are always vivid and emotional, which can easily attract the audiences to raise interests in the films. As a result of the wide varieties of feature films, they are differentiated into four types. 1) Titles of Thrillers This type of movies includes action movie, disaster film, dracula movie, crime film, spy movie and so on, whose titles try to highlight heartquake atmosphere, such as Triangle, The Island, Mission: Impossible, The Mummy, , , : ,. 2) Titles of Fantasy Films Nowadays fantasy films mainly mean science fiction movies, so their titles usually announce the newfangled details in the movies with the intent to draw audiences’ attention. Star Trek, Inception, Source Code, Back To The Future, , all belong to this class. 3) Titles of Comedies Comedies are often with the purpose of bring happiness to their viewers, for this reason their titles send out a strong flavour of joy, like: Meet the Parents, Cop Out, Three Idiots, , ,. 4) Titles of Lyric Films The last type of feature films is lyric film, including affectional films, ethical family films, story films, musicals and so on. Titles of this kind of films are in prosaic style. Words and expressions are natural while show a strong lyrical flavour. We can see these traits from following film titles. The Pursuit of Happyness, A Beautiful Mind, Phantom of the Opera, ,. 2. 3 Functions of Film Titles â€Å" Function† is a topic largely discussed by the translation scholars. Vermeer defines function as â€Å" what a text means or is intend to mean from the receiver’s point of view†. [3] According to this theory and as a material product as well as a spiritual product, film titles mainly have four functions: the informative function, the expressive funct ion, the aesthetic function and the vocative function. 2. 3. 1 Informative Function As the first thing that audiences can learn of a movie, the title usually act as an introduction of the theme or content. And by understanding titles of movies audiences can generally figure out what type those films are belonging to and whether they will be interested to or not. First, a film title may inform audiences of the theme and style of a movie. We can take some titles listed above into considerations. At first sight of the title The Mummy, audiences will easily recognize that it is a triller one. A film with the title of Catch Me If You Can seems to be a detective film. Back To The Future is undoubtedly a film full of fantasy and imagination. Three Idiots arouses the thought of funny story and The Pursuit of Happyness is supposed to be a lyric film. Second, titles may tell viewers the hero or heroine and background of the story. To list some, Man in Black, Jane Eyre, The God Father, Tess, Mr. and Mrs. Smith, Waterloo Bridge and 2012. Third, they arouse people’s interest by using some confusing nones, such as The Mummy, The Island, Speed and Seven pounds. These titles always make audiences fell puzzled because of their abstraction, but we have to admit that they can quickly attract people’s attention. 2. 3. 2 Expressive Function This function of film title indicates that audiences can feel the fundamental key of the movie and attempt to use these strong emotions like lyric, breathtaking or funny atmosphere to affect their audiences. Viewers are often influenced by lyric flavour like The Pursuit of Happyness and have a feeling of fun by seeing the title like Three Idiots. 2. 3. 3 Aesthetic Function The aesthetic function points out that film titles are able to impress the public by means of the charm of a language such as lucidity, grace, smoothness and vividness, bringing about esthetical vicarious pleasure to audiences. For the sake of achieving that goal, the rhythm, balance, sound effects, the colour words and different rhetoric devices are used to add the artistic appeal of the titles. To name a lot, Gone With the Wind, Crystal Heart, Dance with Wolves, Pride and Prejudice, , ,. 2. 3. 4 Vocative Function The core of the vocative function of language is the readership, the addressees. [4] Here the â€Å" addressees† means the audiences, the moviegoers. The term â€Å" vocative† means to draw sympathetic reaction, leading the viewers to act, think or feel in the way intended by the text. To realize the function, film titles must be comprehensible enough to attract moviegoers’ attention, trigger them into going to the cinema and consequently make an end with a box-office hit. Example. You Can’t Take It with You The film named You Can’t Take It with You tells a story about a Wall Street giant, Kirby, who expands his plant to the living quarters in order to make more money regardless of bad effects on lives of the local residents, so that family Vanderhoff raise great dissatisfaction with Kirby. Finally, thanks to the mediation by the well respected grandfather, conflicts between the two families are resolved and Kirby becomes a benevolent philanthropist. [5] The title of the movie reminds people of considering what is the most important thing in our whole lives and it still warns audiences that no matter how much money you own, you can’t take it with you all the life. Actually many people have the same idea with this opinion, so the title will appeal to them fast. Chapter 3 Present Situation of Film Title Translation Film title translation, as a cultural medium, has the same function with dubbed film. After the resounding success in Chinese market of an American film called Titanic, Chinese people raised a great mass fervour in watching foreign movies. Meanwhile, Chinese films catch eyes of other countries recent years. However, the present situation of film title translation comes under question by a great majority of Chinese translators, who consider the current market of film title translation is quite disordered with less good translation but more arbitrary ones which just run in the opposite direction against traditional principles of translation. 3. 1 Present Situation of American Film Title Translation 3. 1. Traditional Principles of English-Chinese Film Title Translation Film title translation has always been regarded as belonging to the literary translation. Therefore it usually adopts the following principles: Literal Translation As a result of reserving the most out of form and sense of the original title, literal translation is regarded by the traditional translation c ircle as the best method for translating a film title. Sometimes they even copy the original word order. For instance, The Mummy( ), The Princess Diaries( ), Back To The Future( ) and The Hunger Games( ). Adding/ Deleting Elements Adding or deleting elements is the second mean of American film title translation that accepted by the traditional translation circle. At many times literal translation of a title will mislead the audiences making them feel confused and have no idea about the content owing to differences of culture between east and west. On this occasion, to make the translated title more accessible to the public as well as show the theme of the movie, adding or deleting elements of the original one seems to be reasonable and acceptable. As a film we all know, Titanic was translated as , adding a Chinese character â€Å" ? . Because if Titanic is mentioned, the westerns can easily figure out the historic and cultural information about this luxury cruise which most Chinese audiences are not able to understand. For this reason, its Chinese title adds some information to help audiences comprehend. Combination of Literal and Free Translation In the traditional translation circle this kind of method is considered as a bad plan in the third class, which falls in between literal translation and free translation. Titles translated by using this way retain some parts of the original ones and add a summarization of contents. But now there are some classical translated film titles transcribed through this way, which have been approved by traditional translators, like Waterloo Bridge( ). Example. Waterloo Bridge It keeps the image â€Å"Bridge†(â€Å"? †) and take its fundamental key of sorrowful into consideration, adding two Chinese characters â€Å" †. But its main purpose is to avoid the ambiguous meaning by being translated into . Because this story has nothing to do with Chinese conventional picture of the Waterloo bridge where Napoleon was defeated. 3. 1. 2 Mistranslation Due to the translators’ carelessness, lack of cultural knowledge or improper pursuit of commercial profits, mistranslation sometimes occurs. And mistranslation can be concluded into three categories. †¢ Misunderstanding of Words A word or phrase may have more than one meaning, especially it is used in different context. In this case, translators should be more careful during the process of translating and learn the content of a movie if it necessary to work out a proper translated title. Example. First Wives Club The phrase â€Å" first wife† means the first woman that a man married with. But the title was mistranslated into , which mistakes â€Å" first wife† for the wife of a man with concubine. And according to the content of the film it tells a story about three girls who are all abandoned by their husbands. So we can clearly see that on this occasion, â€Å" first wife† means the original wife of a man. †¢ Misunderstanding of Culture Information Because of differences of cultural and lack of adequate knowledge, mistranslation occurs, particularly when idioms or allusions appear in a film title. Example. One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest This film was translated as [6] in Taiwan, which made people feel at loss when they saw the title. Actually the English phrase â€Å" Cuckoo’s Nest† implies the madhouse and the film also tells a story about a man’s experiences in a madhouse. †¢ Purposeful Mistranslation Even though the translators have all the information and adequate knowledge required, they may still spoil their works by using vulgar or indign words and that is because they just want to attract people’s attention and raise their interest to pursue huge commercial profits. Example. Made in America A widow gives birth to a girl with the help of sperm bank and this film tells a story about the widow, her daughter and the subscriber of the sperm. So in Taiwan it is given a title named which seems too vulgar and indign to displayed in public. The other translation seems much better. 3. 1. 3 Different Renderings for One and the Same Film Sometimes we will realize that one film has several different renderings of its title, bringing inconvenience to audiences. Then why comes across the phenomenon? Here are some causes : Caused by Transliteration It is known that China is a vast country with several regions and different region has its own codes of language, which often differ from other regions. This difference usually show up in transliterated film titles, like Schindler’s List. It is called in the Mainland and Taiwan while it entitled [7] in Hong Kong. Caused by Regional Culture Discrepancy Compared with the Mainland, Taiwan and Hong Kong always be more open-minded for their culture especially presented in entertainment industry. Take film title translation for example. In the Mainland translators prefer to literal translation, showing full respect of the original title. However in Hong Kong they usually would like to create a new one according to their local culture. Example. Hong Kong Mainland Pretty Woman 3 Men and a Little Lady ? BB The Unbearable Lightness of Being Caused by Individual Creativity In order to make the Chinese title perfect for the story told by the movie, translators will show their individual creativity in translating. And it sometimes makes good effect on promoting the film, nevertheless, it doesn’t work or even has side-effects. For example, Catch Me If You Can, a Hollywood blockbuster in 2003, got a box-office bomb in China. [8] It must be related to its translated title , which is too strange for the audiences to suppose it as a detective film. 3. 2 Present Situation of Chinese Film Title Translation As the same with the American film title translation, there are some differences in Chinese film title translation among regions of China. Besides the diversity there are certain characteristics in common. The greatest difficulty of translating a Chinese film title is the hardship of translating words with Chinese cultural elements, including ancient Chinese names and some abstract words in China. If confronted with a Chinese title with these elements, translators often use three ways to deal with it. 3. 2. 1 Transliteration It is the easiest way to do a film title translation and sometimes it can also retain the functions of the original title, that will be regarded as killing two birds with one stone. For instance, ( Wing Chun), ( Ju Dou), ( Genghis Khan). 3. 2. Adding elements To avoid misunderstandings, translators will add some elements to help the foreign audiences understand the film. A Chinese film was translated as Lady General Hua Mulan, because most foreigners are unfamiliar with the ancient celebrity of China. 3. 2. 3 Adoption of a new title Sometimes it will be too puzzled to foreigners if a Chinese title is literally translated. Under this circumstance, translators wi ll adopt a new title linked with the content of the film, such as ( Once Upon a Time in China), ( The Promise), ( Family Portrait). Chapter 4 Exploring Film Title Translation: From Theory to Practice In consideration of the disordered situation of film title translation, it is obvious that the combination of theory and practice is significant for translators. As far as functions and features of film title concerned, the most practical theory is â€Å" One main idea with four basic points†. 4. 1 One Main Idea: Functional Equivalence Like Newmark’s communicative translation, the functional equivalence theory by Eugene A. Nida is oriented towards readership. It stresses a dynamic way of equivalence between the SL and the TL in designative and associative meanings. In his book of Language and Culture Contexts in Translating, functional equivalence also deals with culture, which exerts a profound influence on adjustment of translation procedures. [9] When the theory is used in film title translation, the original meanings and spirits of the title are the most important things instead of forms and structures. Using the theory of functional equivalence in translating film titles means three points. Firstly, audiences first. Translator must use words that the audiences are familiar with and can easily accept. Secondly, bring the superiority of target language into full play. Creativity is encouraged in translation in order to gain a properest translated title. Finally, realize functional equivalence in film titles. Since a film title has four functions that talked in Chapter 2, the translated title should implement the functions as well. 4. 2 Four Basic Points Combining the functional equivalence theory with functions of film title we can summarize four basic points to guide the translation of film title. 4. 2. 1 Informative Value Considering the informative function of film titles, the translated title should reflect this function as well. Because different audiences can choose their favourite by the titles. And it will have great influences on the box-office of a movie. I’ll take the film Catch Me If You Can, which has been discussed above for two times, for example. Its English title does show the informative function, because most Americans can figure out that it is a film telling about something about a criminal and the police or FBI. But its Chinese title is , which drops the function of guiding moviegoers, making people have few idea about what type the film is. 4. 2. 2 Cultural Value Translation is not only a simple process of language transformation but also exchange of culture. So the translators are required to have a multicultural perspective for getting perfect translated titles. Here are some good models in film title translation: The Wedding Night is entitled as which is full of Chinese characteristics and also to Chinese people’s taste. 4. 2. 3 Aesthetic Value Now that film title also has function of aesthetics, the aesthetic value for the translated one is still necessary. So translated titles are supposed to be as elegant as possible on the basis of implement other functions. Example. A You Can’t Take It With You / Example. B Wearing Golden Armor Across the City/ Curse of the Golden Flower It is obvious to see that the latter renderings in each example are much beautiful than the former ones, that will resonate the audiences in aesthetics. 4. 2. 4 Commercial Value Film is one form of art with both cultural and commercial property so that commercial factors should also be taken into consideration during translating process. To catch eyes of moviegoers, translators must know well about the cultural features and aesthetic tastes in target language circles. ( It Happens One Night), ( Sister Act) and ( The Net) are all good examples with appealing titles. However, as i mentioned in Chapter 3, some film titles like ( Made in America) are quite vulgar just because of the aim at pursuing profits. 4. 3 Probing into Film Title Translation Methods and Techniques In accordance with the four principles above, methods of film title translation can be divi ded into four categories. 4. 3. 1 Transliteration Transliteration is to present the pronunciation of some words or phrases by another language.

Case Study Crazy Eduardos Retail Inc.

Case Study Crazy Eduardos Retail Inc. An accounting and auditing system enables businesses to use their data in a uniformed way. It eliminates the possibility of financial information being applied differently in decision making since it is interpreted differently across the organization.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Crazy Eduardo’s Retail Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Through an accounting system, the financial information from a company can be relayed in a manner that is void of ambiguity since the system does the interpretation and giving of results. Internal controls of an accounting system supplement the analysis, implementation and design divisions of an accounting system (Leitch, p. 71). It is the internal control that safeguards the entire accounting system from the risk of fraud, violation and external manipulation. It functions as a complete system that is found inside the larger accounting system but having d ifferent roles. Thanks to the internal control, the information provided by the accounting system becomes reliable and timely. It is timely since the control protects against external interference which can interfere with the speed of operations. The information is reliable since the control protects the system from fraud and abuse. The internal control thus ensures that financial information is accurate so that decision making can be effective. For a sales accounting system, the internal control ensures that there is environmental control. Environmental control refers to the resulting employee behaviour and attitude as a result of the objectives set by management. Environmental control ensures that the goals set by management do not go against ethical work practice.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is crucial for the sales accounting system to be able to as sess common business risks that are faced by the business at different stages of growth. Risk assessment becomes important if the sales function operates in a risky environment. In this case, employees are better placed to carry out risk assessment even though it is supposed to be a function performed by management. Risk assessment and environmental control are functions that threaten the success and profitability of a business. The sales function cannot therefore operate without these roles performed by the internal control. Information communication, monitoring, risk assessment and environmental control ought to take place in the internal control itself so as to eliminate the possibility of inefficiencies, errors and inadequacies. Crazy Eduardo can use the following simple chart which indicates the possible controls for a layout of risks. Control 1 Control 2 Likelihood of breach Magnitude of breach Risk 1 Risk 2 The internal control safeguards the sales accounti ng system from the threat of fraud which occurs when unauthorized parties can access financial information. Financial information is sensitive to a company and unauthorized parties should not be able to access it. Even in the sales function, secrecy of information is important so that marketing strategies cannot leak to competitors.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Case Study: Crazy Eduardo’s Retail Inc. specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The internal control enables the sales manager to keep financial information confidential and available only to authorized personnel. Strengths of an internal control Since computerization is widely used in businesses globally, this method of handling sales information is relevant and up to date. Internal control is a computerized approach in the handling of financial information. It therefore brings the advantages of having computerized accounting records in the company. This method of handling information separates the business from people who are considered as external parties. For instance, family members of the owners previously had easy access to company records when financial information was stored manually. Computerization prevents unauthorized access into company records which enables the sales affairs to be void of interference from family members. This approach also prevents malpractice of employees who handle cash. The internal control keeps track of the operations of the sales accounting system. Hence, it becomes difficult for the personnel handling cash to misappropriate funds since everything is computerized. Control is important in the sales function as sales involve the following activities by the sales team: credit, sales, accounting (accounts receivable and payable), billing, mailing, depositing, shipping (inventory) and bank reconciling.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the sales function, there has to be a transaction between the seller and the buyer, authorization of the seller to make the sale and the buyer to make the purchase, accounting recordation, asset custody which is provided through cash or checks, and lastly reconciliation or verification of the account by an auditing team (Gelinas, Dull and Wheeler, p. 239). The internal audit is not audited when the financial information is audited. A report on the internal control can however be issued following the limitations identified from the auditing findings about the financial system. An evaluation of internal control, including internal control over financial reporting Internal control is therefore a crucial role in financial reporting. Financial reporting enables the collection, storage and presentation of financial information in an organized manner. This cannot be complete without internal control which is responsible for creating checks and balances. The internal control is that whic h ensures that the information retrieved from the financial reporting operations are reliable and accurate. Financial reporting is not complete without internal controls, which justifies decisions made from the basis of financial information. Leitch, Michael. Intelligent internal control and risk management: designing high-  performance risk control systems. Aldershot: Gower, Burlington, VT. 2008 Gelinas, Ulric J., Dull, Richard B and Wheeler, Patrick R. Accounting information  systems. Mason, OH: South-Western/ Cengage Learning, 2012

Advertisement-Rhetorical Analysis draft Coursework

Advertisement-Rhetorical Analysis draft - Coursework Example according to the time and demand needs; in that continuum, advertisement in 40’s has its own dimensions as one can find number of examples in this link .To be precise, the selected advertisement for analysis is â€Å"ham on rye scotch tape 3m†. This ad is the clear depiction of 1940’s trends in the domain of advertisement. This ad is the portrayal, includes the picture or graphical representation with the detailed text that was the norm of that era. The interesting aspect is that the text portion is dedicated to the blonde and her burgers that are filled with comparatively bright colors. However, the critical issue is that the text portion is not interpreting the graphical segment properly that is confusing because in the picture there is no any such thing that belongs to the war and its discussed related dimensions. Furthermore, there doesn’t seem any correlation with the thumbnails pictures in the text portion and the blonde portion that is standing insi de the rail with other people. Therefore, this piece of advertisement cannot be categorized in the domain of ideal and properly organized ad because it is the perception, general people heed to the pictures and graphical representations than to waste the time in reading the long, unnecessary and loosely connected texts. One can analyze the current trends in advertisement that significantly altered because of that

Managing people (case study - King Fahad hospital) Personal Statement

Managing people (case study - King Fahad hospital) - Personal Statement Example It was a sunny Wednesday morning, when I was walking in the corridor of the hospital to attend one of my patients, while walking I realized I 'd a stiff back that day and my job demanded lot of mechanical work so it wasn't any good for me. But my happy go lucky nature and my attitude of taking problems light helped me again that day and I made my entry in the intensive care unit almost completely forgetting my pain. In the ICU when I reached to a patient REHMAAN, a nice man though but very disappointed with his health, I gave him a routinely check up and then guided the ward boy to do the needful so as the treatment is well in place. And after analyzing few more patients I headed towards my cabin to take a small rest bout. While resting I heard a sharp voice as if someone dropped the medicine tray and all the bottles broke down, being a senior in that wing it becomes my responsibility to keep track of such incidents and reach out for any kind of help. As soon as I came out of cabin I saw Ryan lying down on ground holding his left arm with right hand and the medicine tray was near his right shoulder. All bottles were broken and drug stains were all over. Ryan was crying in pain, and was breathing very heavily as he has this problem of anxiety at times, I tried to help him to sit against the wall but he being a healthy guy it was a difficult task for me alone to do it. I tried to calm him down a bit but his breath was really going very abnormal, I got him a glass of water from he merely had a sip as he was not feeling comfortable at all. At the same time I required to make sure that calling any wad boys for help should not result in attention degrade for patients, so after making Ryan sit against the wall I went into the adjacent ICU and quickly analyzed the current scenario like who all patients need extra care and who are almost

Compare and contrast the 7S and Mintzberg's configuration models of Essay

Compare and contrast the 7S and Mintzberg's configuration models of organisations - Essay Example Henry Mintzberg enhanced organizational design literature by suggesting different forms of organizations (Clegg, 3-7). McKinsey 7s model explains how an organisation goes about analyzing how well it is positioned to achieve its intended objective. This model has remained persistent over the years because it is applicable in wide range situations where an alignment perspective is useful (Strategic management journal 279). Regardless of how an organization decides to define its scope of operations, alignment issues apply, making the model significant. Organisations being complex, this model eases the difficulty in understanding them, and helps to understand them, consequently yielding maximum benefit and profitability (Clegg, 27). Description Mintzberg defines organizational structure as, the total number of ways in which an organization distributes its labor into distinctive parts and then attains harmonization amongst them. He argues that each configuration comprises of six constitue nts, which are (Clegg, 23-29): Operating core: The human labor directly linked to the manufacturing of goods and services Calculated apex: Aids the necessities of the people in the organisation Intermediate line: Managers who link the premeditated apex with the operating fundamental Techno-structure: The expert who scheme, plot, modify or train the operating fundamental Support staff: Professionals who deliver sustenance to the organisation external of the operating core’s undertakings Ideology: Philosophies and customs that make the organisation exceptional. Each one of the above part is in control to tug an organization in a specific way which is advantageous to them. As a result, Mintzberg presents organisation configuration framework with six valid organizational configurations. They are (Clegg 31-89): Entrepreneurial organization: This is a simple structure characterized by little or no techno-structure; few support staff, minimal division of labor and work differentiati on and little managerial hierarchy. There is no formal behavior, thus coordination is simple with direct supervision. This is the most starting point of many organizations (Davidson 46). Machine bureaucracy: Comprises of high specialized, routine operating tasks, very formal procedures, proliferation of rules, regulations, and formalized communication throughout the organization and reliance on functional basis for grouping tasks. There is centralized decision-making and an elaborate administrative structure with clear distinctions between line and staff. It houses the specialists who do the standardizing. Machine bureaucracy is mostly found in mature or old organizations, large enough to have repetitive and standardized tasks. Managers at this level are not problem solving, rather, they concentrate on enhancing work processes to generate more output efficiently (Hardling, et al 33). Professional organization: This bureaucracy depends on the synchronization on the adjustment of skil ls. It employs duly accomplished experts or professionals for the operational core, and gives them significant control over their exertion. They work autonomously of their coworkers, but, closely to the customers they attend (Semler, 47). Previously

Assessing Socio Cultural Aspects Of Tourism In Thailand Tourism Essay

Assessing Socio Cultural Aspects Of Tourism In Thailand Tourism Essay Thailand has a big variety of cultures, traditions and natural resources, which makes it very attractive tourist destinations. The culture of Thailand incorporates a great deal of influence from China, Cambodia and India. Thailands national religion Theravada Buddhism is central to modern Thai characteristics and faith. More than a few different ethnic groups from Malaysia, Burma etc populate Thailand and have mediated change between their traditional local culture, national Thai and global cultural influences. In addition, tourism development creates socio-cultural impacts in Thailand both positive and negative. The term socio-cultural impacts refer to associated changes to residents daily life, their values, way of life, artistic and intellectual products, architecture of people and customs. The social and cultural ramifications of tourism necessitate careful consideration because impacts can either become assets or detriments to the Thailand community. The use of culture as a tourist attraction increases support for the traditional Thailand cultures and displays of ethnic identity. It increases also the revitalization of traditional language, arts and festivals. The use of culture to attract tourists increases also conservation of the cultural heritage of Thailand which could otherwise be lost. In addition, it helps the development and maintenance of the theatres, museums and any other cultural facilities. When residents observe tourists appreciating their culture, then a sense of renews and reinforces coming up to them. The direct contact between residents and tourists can lead on a breakdown of negative stereotypes and increase social opportunities. Moreover, gives an opportunity for cross- cultural exchange between the residents and the tourists who learn about one anothers culture. This direct contact with foreign people offers to residents the opportunity to meet people, learn about the world and expose themselves to new perspectives. This experience of different cultures broadens horizons and increases the appreciation of different ways of living. Tourism creates changes in economic structure and jobs resulting in changes in social rules. It generates new social and economic opportunities to locals resulting in decrease of social inequity. Furthermore, improves the living standards of residents. It gives to the community money for improvement facilities and services. The development of tourist facilities like hotels, restaurants etc increased recreational opportunities. Generally, tourism improves the quality of life in an area by increasing the number of attractions, services and recreation opportunities. Despite its positive effects Tourism has and negative consequences for the socio-cultural life of Thailand. Tourism generally can cause change or totally loss of local identity and values of the host country. This can be made by: a) Commodification. The increased number of tourists who visit Thailand can turn their cultures into commodities when traditional ethnic rites, religious rituals and festivals are reduced and sanitized in order to meet tourists expectations. Once Thailand is sold as a tourist destination, a tourism product, the supply of arts, souvenirs, entertainment to tourists is a necessity, and vital changes in residents values may occur. Finally, people will not more respect the sacred sites and objects as they are perceive them as goods to trade. b)Standardization. Thailand may risk standardization while trying to satisfy tourists demand for familiarity, concerning the facilities of the destination. Landscape, hotels and all the accommodation facilities, food and drinks, must meet the tourists need for the new. At the same time they must not be too new because most tourists are looking for more familiar things. They actually are looking for recognizable facilities in the new environment. Even in Thailand people looking hotel chains to be accommodated and famous restaurants for their food. c) Loss of authenticity and staged authenticity. By adapting cultural expressions to the tastes of tourists or even performing shows as if they were real life constitutes staged authenticity. The fact that tourists desire a glimpse of Thailands atmosphere, taste and a glance of their life, without knowledge, staging must be expected. d) Adaptation to tourist demands. Tourists that visit Thailand they want to buy souvenirs, arts and any cultural manifestations but in the most cases craftsmen are changing the design of them in order to bring them more in line with the customers tastes. Moreover, the interest shown by tourists, contributes to the self-worth of the artists and helps conserve a cultural tradition. Cultural erosion may occur because of the commodification of cultural goods. Culture clashes can take place in Thailand because of the diversity of tourists with different cultures, religion, languages, values and levels of propensity. That can leads on an overexploitation of the social carrying capacity and cultural carrying capacity that are the limits of acceptable change in the culture and social life of the host community. The attitude of Thailand residents towards tourism development may unfold through apathy, irritation and potentially antagonism, instead of welcome, when anti-tourist attitudes begin growing among local people. Cultural clashes may further arise through: Economic inequality. Many tourists that visit Thailand come from societies with different lifestyle than the local people. Being on holidays they seeking pleasure, they spend a lot of money and they treat in a ways that even they would not accept at home. The local people as they also need pleasure in their life they may develop a sort of copying of this behaviour. Irritation due to tourist behaviour. Sometimes people visiting Thailand failed to respect their customs and their moral values, out of ignorance or careless and local people feel irritated with this attitude. Job level friction. A huge number of hotel chains and restaurants in Thailand employee foreign people, with more professional skills and training than locals have, in the higher level jobs. This cause friction and locals usually feel irritated and the gap between the cultures increases. Ethical issues Crime generation- The growth of tourism in Thailand increases the crime rates, like in any other county with a mass tourism. Tourists usually carry on them cameras, jewellery and a big amount of money that make them attractive to the thieves. Thailand has the highest death rate of any nation for Britons on holiday, some 224 Britons died in Thailand between April 2005 and March 2006. Child labour- Young children are employed in jobs in the tourism sector with low pay. The most jobs in this sector have working conditions like long hours, unstable employment, little training and poor chances for qualification. Prostitution and sex tourism. Generally, the sexual exploitation of children is a worldwide phenomenon but in Asia is more prevalent than elsewhere. The exact number of child-prostitutes in Thailand is not known, but Thailands Research Institute reports that children in prostitution make up 40% of prostitutes in Thailand. It is a major destination for tourists from the Western World who travel to this country to have sex with prostitutes. The huge economic disparities between Thai locals and the Western tourists contribute to the proliferation of sex tourism to Thailand. Children are exploited in sex establishments and are also approached directly in the street by tourists seeking sexual contact. Thailand is also a top destination for victims of human trafficking and a major source of trafficked persons.

Vaccine :: essays research papers fc

Vaccine Children are one of God's best gifts to people, as watching their children grow is one of the best pleasures people enjoy during their life course. For this reason, parents must take good care of their children during their early years, as they are vulnerable to many diseases due to their weak immunity. There are many diseases, infecting children, that may lead to death such as the polio disease. Scientists found a solution to this problem, by injecting a tiny sample of the virus into the child's blood, in order to stimulate the immune system to fight the disease if the child catches it, which is known as vaccination. However, McTaggart contradicts this by pointing out that vaccination problems far outweigh those of going unvaccinated (1). Therefore, there are many questions concerning the safety and effectiveness of vaccines as opposed to those of going unvaccinated. Vaccines can cause complications that are more harmful than those of going unvaccinated or even the disease itself. Professor of epidemiology at the university of Washington, Dr Russell Alexander, points out that the panel set up to determine the risks of vaccination did not compare it to those of being unvaccinated (qtd in Miller 9). This means that the research done by the panel, which proved vaccination risks to be 'too small to count', contains many weaknesses. McTaggart links the appearance of learning disabilities, autism, and hyperactivity to the beginning of the mass vaccination programs (1). Thus, vaccination is directly related to many diseases, in which some are still unknown. McTaggart adds that the mumps vaccine has proved to be a direct cause of seizures, meningitis, deafness, and encephalitis. (6). These are extremely dangerous and unrecoverable diseases. Dr J Anthony Morris, an immunization specialist formerly of America's 'National Institutes of Health' and 'Food and Drug Administration' says that "In several of the studies, the measles vaccine strain has been recovered from the spines of the victims, showing conclusively that the vaccine caused the encephalitis" (qtd in McTaggart. 5). Thus, this doctor as a medical authority relates the measles vaccine to a deadly disease such as the encephalitis. On the other hand, the risks of catching the disease for unvaccinated children are similar, if not less, to the risks of developing harmful complications due to the vaccine. Therefore, vaccination is more risky to your child than going unvaccinated. In addition to the safety problems, vaccines have also proven to be ineffective among many children. McTaggart reasons the current debate about vaccination to the fact that measles portion of the triple shot is not working (2). This means that children who receive the triple shot, called MMR, which is a short hand for

Belonging: Remember the Titans and Technique Example Link Essay

P3 Similarly, the poem Feliks Skrzynecki illustrates feelings of not belonging as a result of disconnections to surround environments, societies, relationship and the growing detachment between them . Technique |Example |Link Back | |The opening |â€Å"My Gentle Father† |instantly conveys a sense of ownership and pride and an overall positive relationship. | |This is further highlighted in |â€Å"I remember the words he taught me â€Å" |as a memory of appreciation for his father. Although this positive side of their relationship is illustrated , barriers are apparent due to their intergenerational detachment . |The use of exclusive pronouns such as |â€Å"they reminisced† |highlights the inability for the persona to relate to or access his fathers world. | |Skrzynecki symbolises his garden through the simile |â€Å"loved his garden like an only child â€Å" |for the responder , this adds to the notion of displacement , as skrzynecki is growing further and further a way from his father and his roots in poland and closer to environments as opposed to people . | | Therefore through belonging to environments , Skrzynecki is disconnected from society . Technique |Example |Link Back | |Yakin used a close up to highlight what the coach is wanting his team to reach . Coach Boone states.. |â€Å"This is no democracy ,this is a dictatorship , i am the law â€Å" |here the responder identifies the close up to emphasise Coach Boones’s emotions as he pushed for belonging through equality. | |Yakin employs music to add to the influence of racism. |The sound of Military drums beating at the start of the film |shows when conflict is going to occur . | |the director provides voice over narration to provide detail. Sheryl states |â€Å"In Virginia , high school football was a way of life , there was no race mixing , until the school was inter-grated , calling it T. C Williams high school â€Å" |this helps by informing the audience what is happening in 1971. | |applies juxtaposition to contrasts the positioning which is |visible within the warmth of the Boones and the ugliness of the neighbours comments . |highlights how wide spread racism became . | | it is therefore understood that Yakin’s Remember the Titans is evident in showing the contribution of belonging and not belonging through the focus of society and reality. P4 Not only does one see a focus on society and reality within Remember the titans , but the importance of Family as a function for belonging and not belonging . Technique |Example |Link Back | |provides a long screen shot to emphasise the connection of belonging. Gerry and Julius states.. |â€Å"Left side , strong side â€Å" |This depicts the relationship these two men have formed. | |used a wide -long shot in order to highlight setting. Gerry states to the nurse |â€Å"Alice can’t you see the family resemblance , he’s my brother â€Å" |therefore the audience shows the influence that Gerry see’s Julius as someone he can trust and belong to .

For this assignment I intend to look at the issue of Racism, why it persists and what should be done about it

For this assignment I intend to look at the issue of Racism, why it persists and what should be done about it. I shall also look at the links between slavery and those of the asylum seekers living in Britain. I intend also to try and give a brief explanation of the racism and discrimination in the Chhoka case. There are many different definitions of racism, all of them having one thing in common. Racism is the belief that someone is either inferior or superior regarding race, colour, and religion. Racism is â€Å"The belief in the inherent superiority of one race over all others and thereby the right to dominance†. The first place that most people associate with racist language is the home or the playground. For some parents, its not unheard of to â€Å"go to the Paki shop†, or â€Å"the Chinkies†, so our children are being schooled in the art of racist language from an early age. The media is the next most powerful weapon. We open our papers daily and read about muggings, killings mostly to do with black youths, but when a white youth is mugged or murdered or intimidated, it will make front page for sensationalism, again fuelling people's hatred or misgivings. We can associate the use of language as being racist, for example anything black is understood to be evil or bad whereas white is the epitome of everything good and pure. Goodness will always triumph over bad. We can place certain people into 2 categories, those who are the targets and those who are the agents. By doing this it is easier to gain an insight into how some establishments or communities work. Targets: Are individuals or groups of people who are victimised by other individuals, groups of people, institutions, educational establishments, the lawmakers of the land plus the people entrusted to carry out and implement these laws. These people are the oppressed. Asylum seekers are perfect targets for any agent group. Even within this group, there can be agents who prey on the weakest of the group. Agents: These are the dominant social groups, people who would never describe themselves as dominant over another human being. They have a superior attitude, which sets them apart from sometimes even others in the same agent group. Agents are the groups or individuals of people who perpetrate acts of physical, verbal abuse towards others, but do not get their hands dirty in the physical sense of the word. They are instigators and normally to be found in high positions where their ideals are carried through on the pretext of professionalism. Targets can be found in the playground, in the media, in educational establishments, in high society and any other walk of life. These people are known as the oppressors. They blame the targets for any misfortune inflicted upon themselves. As before, there can be targets included in this group, as well as other agents as power is their ultimate weapon or tool. Slavery was at its most popular during the late fifteenth century. From the 1640's a period of free trade opened up and Britain was one of the countries who exploited this to their advantage. Slave trading opened up new markets for British and European goods in Africa. Sugar, coffee and cotton were common commodities now. By the middle of the eighteenth century, British ships were carrying approximately 50,000 slaves a year. Royal Navy sailors complained of smelling the stench from the slave ships as they crossed from Africa across the Atlantic. It was with great delight to some and great sorrow to others when this trade was outlawed in 1807. Most British towns and cities were built on the labours and exploitation of the slave trade. The vast profits from American plantations were ploughed into cities such as Glasgow and Bristol and to anyone who suggested that â€Å"they don't need to be here, they can go back to their own countries†, then we must ask them, who forced these people over here in the first place. We, the British people did. According to the Geneva Convention the term â€Å"refugee† applies to anyone who: â€Å"owing to well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinion, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country†. Asylum seekers did not choose to leave their own homes and countries, but were forced too. They left behind their families and their homelands due to war, oppression, violence and hate. They escaped fascist regimes, and the daily threat of hunger, oppression and death. Britain is the land of the unskilled, under-educated, socially excluded, yet many of the refugees are professionals in medicine, health, education and yet some see them as being scroungers of the state. Asylum seekers are discriminated as soon as they set foot in Britain. They are issued with sub-standard housing, in tower blocks full of dampness and repairs which will never be done, they are not allowed to work or offer their expertise and are sometimes trapped in their own homes for fear of their emotional and physical wellbeing. These people did not leave their own countries to become scapegoats for a society that pretends it cares. They are issued with food vouchers which is humiliating and degrading and are once again, under threat of a regime that they do not necessarily understand. Problems surrounding the recent events concerning the refugees are not helped by the fact that there has been no educational programme to teach young people and others in the community about the refugees backgrounds, no local support for the existing members of the community and a distinctly second rate police service, which is not being utilised to the best of its advantage or for the people to whom it is supposed to protect. There are four key elements in place to support and reinforce each other. Sometimes these processes can be in force one at a time, but in the Chhoka case the four levels were present: Structural: Combining physical, legal and political structures such as the law, the government and all political processes. Cultural: The assumptions and norms of a shared society that bind individuals and institutions together and also their behaviours. Institutional: Educational establishments, the police force, government departments, businesses, the health system and the welfare system. Personal: Attitudes and beliefs of individuals and their behaviour towards others, either directly or indirectly. The case of Surjit Singh Chhokar, a 32 year old waiter who was stabbed to death has highlighted the flaws and faults in our so called civilised society. No one has ever been convicted of Surjit's murder although it has taken over three years and two murder trials involving three men. The Chhokar case has shown how structural, cultural, institutional and personal racism all become linked. There were no interpreters available for the Chhokar family which was the first step in the cultural discrimination. This was a heartbroken family grieving at the loss of a son, a brother and who wanted answers. They trusted the police, the government, only wanting answers and no one even explained to them why the accused walked away free. They were treated inhumanely again when lawyers corresponded with them in English without translations or an interpreter available. When the news first broke, the murder only warranted a five line statement in the Evening Times, but when it became clear that there was more to the story, there was a sudden media frenzy Elements of institutional racism were found in the procedures of the police and the procurator fiscals offices. Police immediately ruled out a racial motive and the case would probably have been filed away and closed had it not been for Lord McCluskey, Scotland's most senior judge. He questioned the Crown's decision to accuse only one man of murder when it was obvious that there were another two involved. Lord Hardie, the then Lord Advocate said,†from the preliminary report given to me, I am satisfied the action taken in this case was the most appropriate in the circumstances†. Lord Hardie obviously did not realise the impact that this case would have on the whole judiciary system and the questions that would be raised. The key findings from the report were † The Crown Office quality and practice review unit should be reinforced and reconstituted as a formal inspectorate of the Crown Office and Procurator fiscal Service. The inspectorate should conduct a thematic review of the service's response on race matters within two to three years. The police should make it their priority to translate policies into practical instructions for officers. HM Inspectorate of Constabulary should make it an early priority to conduct a thematic inspection of family liaison. More systematic communication, co-operation and exchange of ideas between the Crown Office and the police at the most senior levels.† The family's lawyer also faced criticism when he took on the dual role of interpreter and public campaign organiser. The judiciary system made a mockery of our so called justice courts, but hopefully lessons have been learned, sad though it is that an innocent family had to suffer before this level of racism and discrimination was dragged into the forefront of every household. Hopefully the Race Relations (Amendment) Act 2000 will â€Å"shake up† what authorities need to be, in order for trust and respect to be shown and given by the people for whom their services are intended. The main purposes of this Act are to extend further the Race Relations Act 1976 in relation to public authorities; to make chief officers of police vicariously liable for acts of racial discrimination by police officers; and to amend the exemption under the Act for acts done for the purposed of safeguarding national security thus remedying a European Convention on Human Rights incompatibility in that legislation. The primary school that my youngest child attended has a anti-racism attitude (not in an official capacity) and they do their best to highlight every child's culture, race, religion and involve the other children in a way that is enjoyable and educational. Parents are also invited to any concerts put on by the children and are asked to be involved in any specific food days, in which a group of children bring in their national food or sweet, letting again, the other children share in a culture which they would otherwise never have the experience of. It was with outrage one day when all parents were given letters by the local council stating that this practice would stop, as it was encouraging children outwith the school area to participate in bullying the small minority of ethnic children. Parents quickly sprang into action and with the support of parents of all nationalities, the local counsellor and a cover story by the local newspaper that our children were again allowed to enjoy the sharing and learning about each others culture, but it was shameful that children of that age were witness to the powers that be in the education system who would have stopped which is a learning experience in a close and safe environment, where hatred and name calling is not allowed and all the children are equal. This is only a small school with 160 children, but if they can succeed in an area where poverty, high unemployment, drugs and crime are linked then we should all take lessons from these teachers and children. My conclusion is that each of these events starting from the slave trade and the exploitation of the slaves by the British has paved the way for the terrible way in which we as a society treat the refugees, or asylum seekers. Until there is an educational system in place starting from nursery schools and ending in nursing homes, we will never be able to eradicate racism or discrimination. We need to challenge government, the school system, the law makers and decide on a curriculum which will enable our young people, the next generation, to grow without hate or prejudice and to pass their skills and knowledge onto the next. We need to see and accept that the asylum seekers are bringing with them a wealth of culture, expertise and experience and together we can all learn and enjoy each other as a multi-cultural society.

Mount St. Helen Essays - Volcanology, Plate Tectonics, Free Essays

Mount St. Helen Essays - Volcanology, Plate Tectonics, Free Essays Mount St. Helen Mount St. Helen is a volcano located along the Cascade range which is a volcano chain stretching from Northern California to British Colombia. It now stands at a height of 8,364 feet above sea level. Mount St. Helen was on of the smaller eruptions of five major ones in Washington State. It?s elevation before the eruption was 9,677 feet high. On March 29, 1980 after a period of one-hundred and twenty-three years of inactivity a earthquake under the volcano quaked, and seven days later a pheartic (steam) explosions began. As magma pushed up from beneath the earth?s surface, the north side of the mountain developed a bulge. Angle and slope-distance measurements indicating that the bulge was growing at a rate of 1.5 feet per day (Lyn Topinka Page 2). By May 17 the volcano?s north-side had been pushed upward and outward 450 feet (Lynn Topinka Page 2). On May 18,1980 at 8:32 a.m. Pacific daylight time a magnitude 5.1 earthquake shook Mount St. Helen. The bulge on the North side of the mountain gave way in a gigantic rock slide releasing pressure and triggering a major rock and pumice eruption . At thirteen hundred feet the peak collapsed and as a result 24 square miles of the valley was filled with rock and debris. From that rock slide 250 square miles of timber, recreation and private lands were demolished from the lateral blast. For more than nine hours the volcano spit vigorous ash in a large plume. Eventually the plume reached 12-15 miles above sea level. The plume went eastward at about sixty miles per hour. By noon the plume of ash had reached as far as Idaho. By the 19 the eruption was over. Now the volcanoes elevation is only 8,364 feet above sea level before the eruption it was 9,677 feet above sea level knock off a whopping 1,313 feet off of the top of the mountain. Now it has a mile wide horseshoe shaped crater on the northern side of the mountain. From the eruption noticeable ash fell in eleven states. The total amount of ash that fell was .26 cubic miles or enough ash to cover a football field to a depth of 150 miles(Lyn Topinka Page3). From the landslide 2/3 cubic miles of debris was deposited in the valley that enough to cover Washington DC fourteen feet thick.(Lynn Topinka, Page 4) Mount St. Helen is said to have caused the most damage (Mattox Page 1) a total of 1.6 billion dollars of damage was caused by the blast from the volcano. That figure comes from losses due to home and road cleanup, damage to agriculture, timber, roads, bridges, fisheries, houses, sewer treatment plants, and the dredging of rivers.(MattoxPage1). 57 people were killed or still missing (Topinka Page1) More than 100,000 acres of were demolished by the blast of that 100,000 acres include 41,000 acres of national forest,(Scooner Page1) also over four billion feet of usable timber became unusable that?s enough lumber to build 150,000 homes.(Topinka Page3) Nearly 135 miles of river channels were effected by the volcano and more than 185 miles of roads and over 200 homes were destroyed. (Topinka Page 5) Now over 9.5 million tree seedlings have been planted to replace the ones destroyed by the blast and of those 70 percent of those have survived(Scooner Page 1)some already growing twenty feet high(ScoonerPage1). The fish and wildlife have received considerable attention since the eruption. The heavily hunted Elk have shown that the restrictions after the eruption have helped the repopulating of them returning to the pre-eruption population within five years. Also the Samon and trout have returned to there population since the eruption. Stream temperatures have exceeded there legal threshold population in most years since the eruption. (Sconner Page 1) Now the United States Geological Survey has established both a continuos twenty-four hour and periodic monitoring programs to study and predict future eruptions Mount St. Helen. (Lyn Topinka). They also setup a seismic station near the dome of the mountain. The University of Washington State in conjunction with the US Geological Survey now monitor it.

Norman Finkelstien Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Norman Finkelstien - Essay Example It was not simply writing on the Holocaust that Finkelstein saw to be fraudulent, but an entire â€Å"Holocaust industry† pushing this particular past on the present for both ideological and financial gain. Finkelstein's criticisms of what were perceived to be misuses of the Holocaust were neither the first word nor the last on this subject. As the accusations leveled at Leai suggest, right from the outset, questions were raised about the mixed motives behind representing this particular past. With the increasing prominence of the Holocaust in popular discourse since the 1960s, those dissenting voices have gotten louder, reaching a deafening crescendo in Finkelstein's damning critique of the Holocaust industry. But Finkelstein's claims of the existence of a Holocaust industry drew on a much longer tradition of critical reflection on the popularization of the Holocaust. Much longer history of the criticism of Holocaust representation can be seen developing alongside the history of that representation. There are two broad strands in this disparate literature. One strand has questioned what has been seen as an overemphasis on the Holocaust in general, and by Jews in particular. Another strand has not questioned all contemporary concerns with the Holocaust per se, but has critiqued specific representations of the Holocaust—movies, museum exhibits, and books—in large part on the grounds of inauthenticity. What unifies these two broad strands—and such diverse writers as Norman Finkelstein and Elie Wiesel—is a refusal to accept any cultural product that draws on the history of the Holocaust as by definition a good thing, simply because it makes this past known. Within the more restricted criticism of someone like Wiesel, there can be, and have been, inappropriate Holocaust representations. From the more radical perspective of Finkelstein, all the products of the Holocaust industry are rejected as little more than attempts at â€Å"J ewish aggrandizement.† 4 While these two critical strands differ quite markedly, beneath both lies the deeper question of whether all the more recent talk about the Holocaust is a good thing in general, and whether it is a good thing for Jews and non-Jews in particular. However, such criticisms have recently been themselves subject to criticism. In the aftermath of the publication of Finkelstein's book in particular, voices were raised against the questioning of both specific Holocaust representations, and the perceived centrality of the Holocaust. The attack on the Holocaust industry by Finkelstein and others has been challenged and critiqued, perhaps most importantly, in an essay written by Alvin Rosenfeld in the American Jewish Year Book for 2001. There, Rosenfeld argued that the criticism of what was perceived to be a contemporary overemphasis on the Holocaust amounted, explicitly or implicitly, to calls for forgetting. If the Holocaust was to be increasingly forgotten, as critics of the Holocaust industry advocated, the result would be, Rosenfeld suggested, that Jews would â€Å"return to the kind of vulnerability that preceded Auschwitz and helped bring it about.† 27 However, before reflecting on the recent debate over the broader critique of the Holocaust industry, there are narrower criticisms of the specific products of the H